Theme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold

Page 1 Izaak Dittrich Hour: 2 Mrs. Mosiman 10/5/2017 Rough Draft Machismo is defined as strong or aggressive masculine pride. Machismo was very prevalent in latin america during the 1950’s when the novella takes place. M`en were often viewed as the head of the families, the providers, and the decision makes. Women didnt have that say in just about everything. Women were viewed as house women, and the ones who would take care of the children. They rarely worked or had any job, unless they were poor and did jobs like being a maid, child caretaker, etc. Men were generally proud of the machismo, it made them feel powerful, being the decision maker and bread winners gave them an immense feeling of pride and joy. Machismo often valued honor†¦show more content†¦Also, when the Vicario brothers murder Santiago Nissar which is a sin. Father Amador and everyone else agree that it is justified because it was done out of honor. â€Å"But we are innocent,’ said Pedro Vicario. ‘Perhaps befor God,’ said Father Amador. ‘ Before God and man†¦ it was a matter of honor,’ said Pablo Vicario† (49). This shows that if even father Amador dictates that the murder is not a sin how will anyone believe murder is wrong. Even if it is to avenge ones sister, murder is never right. It really shows how machismo and honor are valued over one of the ten commandments in church. Machismo through the noella is used to show strong masculine pride in the characters. We see this through Santiago Nasar and him always sleeping with a gun under his pillow. â€Å"He always slept the way his father had slept, with the weapon hidden in the pillowcase† (3). This act of always having a gun under his pillow shows that Nasar is always ready to defend himself against others and most of all defend his family from others. Having a gun in itself is a massive form of machismo because a woman would never have a gun in those times. Even today for a women to own a gun is way odder than a man owning a gun. We masculi nity a thorough he Vicario brothers and them being animal slaughterers. â€Å" I reminded them that the Vicario brothers Page: 3 sacrificed the same hogs they raised, which were so familiar to them that they called them by their names. ThatsShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold732 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is machismo? Machismo is when a man feels that he deserves the obedience and respect of all women around him. The novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a novella of a murder story retold after 70 years of it happening the novel was published in 1981. In the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold readers notice several themes throughout the story one of them is machismo. In the novel â€Å"Chronicle of A Death Foretold† the role of men greatly impacts the story with their actions as they are seenRead MoreTheme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold1554 Words   |  7 PagesChronicle of a Death Foretold is a story about a murder that happened in a small town, in which the society allowed to happen without questioning it. In this town there is an emphasis on male pride and men’s sexual behaviors. Everyone expects a certain code of male honor from every man. The way they look and act is all portrayed by this emphasis of machismo. Machismo men are stereotypically thought of as strong, rich, loud, and as womanizers. They are often associated with violence. Drinking, fightingRead MoreAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold Humanity has built grand and wondrous cultures and societies, for the better of mankind people have devoted themselves to a functional structured society. But have these creations become merely fabrications that hinder one’s true beliefs? Throughout the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold, author Gabriel Garcia Marquez gives insight into Colombian society. As the story of a murder unravels Marquez projects the themes of honor and fate cautiouslyRead MoreChronicle of a Death Untold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez1008 Words   |  4 PagesTQ: To what extent do the Machismo and Marianismo ideals act as a catalyst to the plot of Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez? Honor over Love Honor can be earned and built throughout years of work and commitment but lost in just one single action. When looking at many Latin American cultures it is the women’s duty to preserve the honor, and the male’s job to protect it if there is ever a threat. The social ideologies of machismo and marianismo act as a source of pressure toRead MoreAnalysis Of Chronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Marquez1482 Words   |  6 PagesIn Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Gabriel Marquez employs the motif of flowers within the novel to illustrate the role of women within a Latin American society; the cultural and symbolic implications of this associate flowers with purity, victimization, gender barriers, and deceit. In doing so, Marquez creates a microcosm of Latin America, exposing the core of Columbian culture and society with all its aspects such as ethnicity, and social norms and conventions that led to a series of insecuritiesRead MoreChronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez1240 Words   |  5 Pagesbut as sacred. He is willing to risk his life in its defense and it’s conscious that he gains protection while he gives it.† Gabriel Garcia Marquez bases the novel, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, off of a true account of a murder that occurred in Sucre, Columbia. In the Columbian culture presented in this novel, he portrays the theme of honor as a fundamental value and important value that everyone is obligated to respect. Marquez does this through repetition to highlight the idea that actions takenRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold1866 Words   |  8 PagesReflective statement: Chronicle of a Death Foretold The expectations of society and status quo are an important influence in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. The various interactive oral presentations that my classmates presented discussed an array of topics which included roles of women and machismo, specifically how women were forced to accept the unfair social expectations placed on them and how men were expected to exemplify macho behavior. My classmates’ presentations also helped me to gainRead MoreThe Products Of Gender Stereotypes And Concepts Of Alpha Male And The Vicario Brothers 965 Words   |  4 Pagesmale’, and it is evident that they have been forced by society to kill a man, but this by itself does not represent a strong critique against machismo as the only consequences seen are a restricted individuality and freedom, and an act that was probably not seen as immoral by the readers at that time. In order to make a strong, effective critique against machismo, Garcia Marquez describes the murder as a traumatizing experience and explains its numerous negative impacts. The murder itself is describedRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold Point Of View Analysis1555 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novella Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the author Gabriel Garcia Marquez, uses the element point of view supported by certain motifs to portray society and how its gender roles affect the narration. The auth or’s choice in doing so is important simply because the novella is based on a real life story which occurred in Sucre, Colombia, in 1951, where he had lived. The incident happened while Gabriel Garcia Marquez was in college studying journalism, just like the narrator of the novel. Marquez Theme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold What is machismo? Machismo is when a man feels that he deserves the obedience and respect of all women around him. The novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a novella of a murder story retold after 70 years of it happening the novel was published in 1981. In the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold readers notice several themes throughout the story one of them is machismo. In the novel â€Å"Chronicle of A Death Foretold† the role of men greatly impacts the story with their actions as they are seen as machos. The reader doesn’t just see machismo through the actions of men, but through the actions of society in the novel. Women during this time period didn’t have a saying like men did only what they were told. In the Vicario†¦show more content†¦At the Vicario household the narrator states, â€Å"Bayardo San Romà ¡n didn’t enter, but softly pushed his wife into the house without speaking a word. Then he kissed Pura Vicario on the cheek and spoke to her in a very deep, dejected voice, but with great tenderness. â€Å"Thank you for everything, Mother,† he told her. â€Å"You’re a saint.†( 75-76) This quote shows the reader that Bayardo is very disappointed that his wife is not a virgin since it will damage his reputation in the city and to the point where he takes her back home to her parents. At the court the narrator states, â€Å"We killed him openly,† Pedro Vicario said, â€Å"but we’re innocent.† â€Å"Perhaps before God,† said Father Amador. â€Å"Before God and before men,† ( 78-79). This quote shows the re ader that the Vicario brothers went as far as killing Santiago for sleeping with their sister for a matter of the family honor. Almost as if killing him would restore her virginity. While with Clotilde the narrator states,â€Å"Now they haven’t got anything to kill anybody with,† he said. â€Å"That’s not why,† said Clotilde Armenta. â€Å"It’s to spare those poor boys from the horrible duty that’s fallen on them.† (90) This quote tells the reader that in order for the Vicario brothers to bear with their pain and embarrassment they had to kill Santiago to feel somewhat better in themselves. They could also not bear with the dent that it had made in their reputation. Their families was impacted through the actions ofShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold969 Words   |  4 PagesPage 1 Izaak Dittrich Hour: 2 Mrs. Mosiman 10/5/2017 Rough Draft Machismo is defined as strong or aggressive masculine pride. Machismo was very prevalent in latin america during the 1950’s when the novella takes place. M`en were often viewed as the head of the families, the providers, and the decision makes. Women didnt have that say in just about everything. Women were viewed as house women, and the ones who would take care of the children. They rarely worked or had any job, unless they wereRead MoreTheme Of Machismo In Chronicle Of A Death Foretold1554 Words   |  7 PagesChronicle of a Death Foretold is a story about a murder that happened in a small town, in which the society allowed to happen without questioning it. In this town there is an emphasis on male pride and men’s sexual behaviors. Everyone expects a certain code of male honor from every man. The way they look and act is all portrayed by this emphasis of machismo. Machismo men are stereotypically thought of as strong, rich, loud, and as womanizers. They are often asso ciated with violence. Drinking, fightingRead MoreAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold Humanity has built grand and wondrous cultures and societies, for the better of mankind people have devoted themselves to a functional structured society. But have these creations become merely fabrications that hinder one’s true beliefs? Throughout the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold, author Gabriel Garcia Marquez gives insight into Colombian society. As the story of a murder unravels Marquez projects the themes of honor and fate cautiouslyRead MoreChronicle of a Death Untold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez1008 Words   |  4 PagesTQ: To what extent do the Machismo and Marianismo ideals act as a catalyst to the plot of Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez? Honor over Love Honor can be earned and built throughout years of work and commitment but lost in just one single action. When looking at many Latin American cultures it is the women’s duty to preserve the honor, and the male’s job to protect it if there is ever a threat. The social ideologies of machismo and marianismo act as a source of pressure toRead MoreAnalysis Of Chronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Marquez1482 Words   |  6 PagesIn Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Gabriel Marquez employs the motif of flowers within the novel to illustrate the role of women within a Latin American society; the cultural and symbolic implications of this associate flowers with purity, victimization, gender barriers, and deceit. In doing so, Marquez creates a microcosm of Latin America, exposing the core of Columbian culture and society with all its aspects such as ethnicity, and social norms and conventions that led to a series of insecuritiesRead MoreChronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez1240 Words   |  5 Pagesbut as sacred. He is willing to risk his life in its defense and it’s conscious that he gains protection while he gives it.† Gabriel Garcia Marquez bases the novel, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, off of a true account of a murder that occurred in Sucre, Columbia. In the Columbian culture presented in this novel, he portrays the theme of honor as a fundamental value and important value that everyone is obligated to respect. Marquez does this through repetition to highlight the idea that actions takenRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold1866 Words   |  8 PagesReflective statement: Chronicle of a Death Foretold The expectations of society and status quo are an important influence in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. The various interactive oral presentations that my classmates presented discussed an array of topics which included roles of women and machismo, specifically how women were forced to accept the unfair social expectations placed on them and how men were expected to exemplify macho behavior. My classmates’ presentations also helped me to gainRead MoreThe Products Of Gender Stereotypes And Concepts Of Alpha Male And The Vicario Brothers 965 Words   |  4 Pagesmale’, and it is evident that they have been forced by society to kill a man, but this by itself does not represent a strong critique against machismo as the only consequences seen are a restricted individuality and freedom, and an act that was probably not seen as immoral by the readers at that time. In order to make a strong, effective critique against machismo, Garcia Marquez describes the murder as a traumatizing experience and explains its numerous negative impacts. The murder itself is describedRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold Point Of View Analysis1555 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novella Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the author Gabriel Garcia Marquez, uses the element point of view supported by certain motifs to portray society and how its gender roles affect the narration. The auth or’s choice in doing so is important simply because the novella is based on a real life story which occurred in Sucre, Colombia, in 1951, where he had lived. The incident happened while Gabriel Garcia Marquez was in college studying journalism, just like the narrator of the novel. Marquez

George Orwell s Animal Farm - 908 Words

George Orwell’s novel ‘Animal Farm’, published in 1945, has an overarching theme of power and corruption. In the novel, once certain animals were given the opportunity to control the rest of the animals of the farm, the hierarchy was twisted for the leaders’ nefarious purposes. Misery quickly ensued. The governing animals became corrupted and nasty, while the controlled population was oppressed and miserable, forced to obey the controllers whims. This novel has much relevant social commentary on issues related to discriminatory power. Orwell believed that unjust power corrupted the minds of both the oppressed and the oppressors. People that are given unjust power based on prejudicial laws begin to feel validified in their actions, and in turn transform into monsters who question nothing of the validity of these laws. On the other hand, those who these laws oppress take the brunt of cruelty in these ordinances. These individuals are brutalized by physically, and mentally - leaving it extremely difficult to fight back against these oppressive actions. It is evident that discriminatory certainly can transform everyone involved. Oppressive unjust laws based on biases very often have negative consequences on the oppressed, as well as the oppressors. It is often that the targeted group of an unjust law that suffer the most harmful consequences. Along with physical abuse, the oppressed also suffer mental abuse - leaving them feeling as they are deserving of these fates simplyShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1361 Words   |  6 Pagesfarmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days†(Orwell 38). In Animal Farm George Orwell describes life for the animals on a farm in the english countryside during the mid to early 20th century before, during and after a revolution against their master Mr.Jones in order to represent the russian revolution and describe to people throughout the free world how leaders in both capitalist and communi st societies oppress the working class as a result Orwell s tone throughout the novel is concerned. TsarRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm958 Words   |  4 PagesImagine that you were an animal s or citizen living under Napoleon or Stalin rule and the fear that your life can be taken always from you at any time. In the novel of Animal Farm, George Orwell he wanted to show how a book is a sarcasm of the Russian Revolution during the communist years and the satire of that time between Trotsky and Stalin. Where Orwell chose to create his character base of the common people of Russia at the time of the Revolution. Animal Farm is a social or allegory about NapoleonRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1392 Words   |  6 Pages George Orwell Never Misuses Words In what was a vastly controversial novel published in 1945, George Orwell’s Animal Farm describes the horrific brand of communism in the Soviet Union and the conscious blindness that most of the West accepted at that time. Although Orwell labeled Animal Farm as a fairy tale, this historically parallel novel branches into the genres of political satire, fable, and allegory as well. What made Animal Farm so controversial among the â€Å"British socialists† and WesternRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1395 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Animal Farm: The Power of Corruption In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Orwell illustrates how power corrupts absolutely and how Napoleon degrades the structure and stability of Animal Farm because of the decisions that he makes. I will also expand on the idea of how Old Major’s ideas for an organized society get completely destroyed by Napoleon’s revolutionary actions. It was ironic and satirical that Napoleon’s own power annihilates Animal Farm. The satire in George Orwell’s AnimalRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm922 Words   |  4 Pages In the novel Animal Farm, by George Orwell, the wisest boar of the farm, Old Major, mimics Karl Marx, the â€Å"Father of Communism,† and Vladimir Lenin, a Russian communist revolutionary. George Orwell introduces direct parallels between the respected figures through their mutual ideas of equality and profoundly appreciated qualities. Furthermore, his utilization of dialect and descriptions represent the key ideas of the novel. Throughout the novel, Orwell continues to show comparisons betweenRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1463 Words   |  6 Pagesbut of late he had fallen on evil days†(Orwell 38). In Animal Farm, George Orwell describes life for the animals on a farm in the English countryside during the mid to early 20th century before, during and after a revolution against their master, Mr.Jones. Orwell does this to represent the Russian revolution and describe to people throughout the free world how leaders in both capitalist and communist societi es oppress the working class. As a result Orwell s tone throughout the novel is concernedRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1645 Words   |  7 PagesPeople respond to control and power differently for various reasons, however, one of the main reasons is based on their personality; their confidence and intelligence. In, Animal Farm by George Orwell, confidence and intelligence is a big factor for why certain animals obtained power and control and why other ones did not. People with confidence and intelligence are likely to gain most of the control and power. People with little intelligence, but lots of confidence are more likely to have someRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1360 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion minus the answer.† In George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the author raises the question whether the type of government, communism, is feasible in a community without leading to a type of dictatorship or totalitarianism. Orwell presents the idea that communism is a good idea in theory, but it always leads to corruption by the people who take power. The author presents the novel as an entertaining fable featuring an animal revolution; however, beneath this storyline Orwell utilizes literary devicesRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1449 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept that the animals in George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm crave. The animals of Animal Farm want freedom from their â€Å"dictator† Farmer Jones and the rest of humanity. Their problem is that Farmer Jones and humanity are still in power. With the bravery of two pigs, Napoleon and Snowball, the animals overthrow their human oppressors and free themselves from humanity. With his new freedom Napoleon craves power and expels Snowball. He becomes the dictator of Animal Farm and makes the farm a place whereRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1403 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell believes â€Å"What you get over and over again is a movement of the proletaria t which is promptly characterized and betrayed by astute people at the top and then the growth of a new governing class. The one thing that never arrives is equality† (Letemendia 1). Orwell simply loathes revolution and thinks it is unfair to the majority, for the people. He thinks that while individuals change, the people in power are always corrupt and they will corrupt any attempt at change. He communicates

Case study †Social Media Research Centre Free-Samples for Students

Question: Prepare a Project Charter. Answer Project Charter Title: Web Application Development Project Manager Details Name: Vincent Sandstone Email: vincesand@gmail.com Project Duration: 10 months High Level Budget High Level Total Costs Labor $30,000 Website development tools $5,000 Testing tools $2,000 Hosting and deployment costs $5,000 Staff Training $4,000 Project Objectives The aim of the web application is to give the company a leverage in spreading brand awareness and improve its visibility to the target audience. The website allows the company to post information about its projects and upcoming events which is essential in promoting the company operations. By providing members with accounts for posting their details and information, the website assists in organizing project information as well as keeping the information up-to-date. Key project activities include: Requirement gathering and analysis UI Design Database design Front-end development Back-end development System Testing Deployment The project will deliver the following deliverables: A fully functional website accessible on the internet and intranet A website with user and admin portal Website that creates user accounts Secure website incorporating defense and security mechanisms Usability report Website documentation Improved organization of project and event information The project will not deliver the following deliverables: Website guest accounts Testimonial module Blog module Company podcasts Social media integration Project Benefits The website developed is expected to improve the companys campaign efforts. It will improve company exposure by reaching out the target audience and providing information about companys projects and events. This will enhance the companys visibility and enable it to attract more customers. With the website, the company can build a portfolio of its projects which would assist in promoting the companys research operations. Measurable Organizational Value The desired area of impact for the project is Customer. The end goal of the project is to improve the companys capability to attract more customers. The project gives priority to the desired area of impact as follows: Customer Financial Strategy Operations Social The project seeks to cut costs in customer acquisition. Cheaper customer acquisition costs can enable the company to reduce operation costs while increasing the customer base. The metric to measure the value obtained from the project: Marketing costs-decreasing costs implies the website has succeeded in attracting customers to the company at lower costs Website visitors-A high number of visitors shows that the companys website is visited by many potential customers Sales-An increase in sales indicates that the website has increased the companys conversion rate as more potential customers purchase the companys services Operation costs-Decreasing operation costs implies that costs incurred on promoting the company and enhancing its efficiency are declining as a result of the project Customer growth-An increase in the number of customers implies that the company has expanded its customer base Acceptance Criteria The criteria for accepting the project includes: Delivery of project within the time and budget allocated Project delivered meets the scope and requirements specified Companys management satisfied the project Adhere to security and responsive design standards Realization of business benefits expected Improved productivity and market exposure Delivery Date Deliverable Due Date Requirements analysis report April 25th 2017 UI Design template May 24th 2017 Database design July 2nd 2017 Website template October 3rd 2017 Back-end development completion December 11th 2017 Staff training program February 9th 2018 Hosted website March 2nd 2018 The assumptions made in the program include: Project team members will be available throughout the project and will participate in project meetings There are adequate resources to support expectation of project tasks Quality attributes for the web application have been established Project sponsor will be involved in the project Staff members will be available for the training program Company has existing technological infrastructure to support development and deployment of the web application Competent and experienced project team The project constraints include: Adequate budget to support changes or additional requirements (Kerzner, 2013) Rigid project timeline that can be affected by project changes Limited labor resources Stakeholder List The project stakeholders who play roles in the decision-making process include: Project Sponsor Project manager Business Project Manager System Analyst and Designer Quality tester Front-end developer Back-end developer Lessons Learned To ensure the project is successfully completed, issues that may affect the project have to be identified and addressed. Key issues that may undermine the project include insufficient resources and incomplete project scope. Without sufficient resources, some project activities may not be completed, and overall project quality may be poor (McManus, 2008). Incomplete project scope implies that the project does not focus on all project requirements (Leach, 2014). As such, the project based on the scope may not meet the customers expectations. Project execution may be affected by various factors such as changes, additional requirements, and conflicts (Burke, 2013). These factors can cause project delays or project failure in some cases. However, minor issues such as the occasional absence of team members cannot affect the project. Charter Sign Off Name: David Watson (Project Sponsor) Signature: Date: 29th April 2017 Comments: Name: Vincent Sandstone (Project Manager) Signature: Date: 29th April 2017 Comments: Name: James Hugh (System Analyst) Signature: Date: 29th April 2017 Communication Plan Plan Purpose The communication plan is developed to provide a guideline on how the team will communicate during the projects, communication tools to be used, messages to be sent, and the frequency of communication between different stakeholders. The plan is developed by identifying key stakeholders in the communication plan, intended message, and determining tools to be used to communicate the message as well as the frequency of communication. Stakeholder Recipient Information Frequency Location Purpose Media Project Sponsor Project Manager Project progress Weekly Company Determine project status Face-to-Face Project Manager Team Member Project Issues Weekly Project site Assess issues affecting project Video-conferencing, meeting Team Members Quality testers Testing tools At the end of testing phase Project site Determine availability of testing tools Email Project Manager Quality Testers Test feedback At the end of testing phase Project site Asses results of quality test Email Change management When a change arise, the team will evaluate how it will impact the project and the resources required to integrate the change into the project. Every stakeholder will be involved to ensure informed decisions are made. If the changes can be accommodated in the project, the team will adopt the change and communicate the decision. Otherwise, the change will be postponed until there are resources facilitating its adoption. Meeting In each meeting, the team will focus on meeting the objectives set. Some of the objectives include resolving project issues and incorporating additional requirements into the project scope. Members will contribute their opinions before a decision is made. The project manager will document the objectives of each meeting and determine whether they are achieved in the next meeting. Additionally, the project manager will evaluate the skills of team members to determine project tasks that align with their expertise before assigning project actions. References Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Leach, L. P. (2014).Critical chain project management. Artech House. McManus, J., Wood-Harper, T. (2008). A study in project failure.British Computer Society https://www. bcs. org/se

Violence Essays (941 words) - Abuse, Crimes, Domestic Violence

Violence Victims Throughout history many women have been victims of domestic violence. Society considered men to be superior to women because men were always in power economically, legally, and religiously. This gave men the attitude that women were inferior to them. Men harm their wives by beating them physically and abusing them emotionally. Many of these women did not report the abuse that they got from their spouses and families because they thought that no one would believe them. By becoming informed with the causes, effects, and treatments of domestic violence towards women in the United States, we can then contain the damages that are done to women or at least get the message across to other women that there is help to overcome this tragic display of affection. Domestic violence is defined broadly as violent acts carried out by persons in a marital, sexual, parental, or care-giving role toward others in reciprocal roles. Spousal abuse may apply to couples engaged in a sexual relationship outside of marriage. And child abuse may be penetrated by parents, siblings, step-parents, or live-in boyfriends or girlfriends of the abused child`s parent (Rosen 3). Battered women are defined as women that have been Victora 2 physically or emotionally abused by their husbands or families. These women suffer from many different types of domestic violence but the cause is just one abuse. Abuse happens to many women but most of the time it is not reported to the police. Abuse is an underreported crime, it is underreported for two reasons: a) it occurs in the privacy of one`s home where there are typically no witnesses aside from family member`s to detect and report it and b) though violence is by no means restricted to the lower classes, middle- and upper class violence is likely to go unreported to the police (Stets 3). Why it is not reported to the police could be the result of the emotions that are building up inside the victim`s head. These women feel apprehensive in reporting the abuse because they are scared of what the abuser will do to them. They were afraid because if he found out that they called the police he might hurt them or their children even more than he already did. The lower class violence is usually reported because they deal with social services more often than the middle and upper classes do. They are more educated in knowing that public social control agencies can help them get through the abuse. The middle and upper classes do not usually report these acts of violence because they probably can afford a psychiatrists or a marriage counselor. Abusive behavior begins in cycles and not everyday occurrences. This abusive cycle is called the battering cycle and it contains three phases. The first phase is the tension-building phase, the second phase is the explosion or acute 3 battering incident phase, and the third phase is the calm, loving phase. The first phase is when the woman notices the man building tension and becoming very edgy which causes minor violent episodes. Then the second phase begins when that tension builds up higher and the man explodes in anger or in a blind rage that revolves into a severe violent incident. And the third and final phase is when the man apologizes and tries to win the woman back by showering her with gifts. The abuse that women obtain towards them can be experienced with various types of violence. Those types of violence can be anything from a minor push or shove to something major such as threatening with a weapon. In the past, spousal abuse has been treated as a fairly simple set of violent behaviors. The five most common types of domestic or spousal violence are: 1) when a woman is thrown against an object, 2) when she is hit with the man`s open hand or fist, 3) when she is pushed or shaken roughly, 4) when she is hit with an object and the 5) and most deadly of all is when a woman is threatened with a weapon (Rhodes 32). The causes of domestic violence towards women in the United States are many but the best known and lucid are the male gender attitudes of being number one. Men have the idea that women are worthless and inferior to them. This concept degenerates women to a lower class or form of life that can not allow men to see women as their equals. According to Violence Hits Home, Karen Rosen reported that men who abuse